RCAP’s Onsite/ Decentralized Program

RCAP (Rural Community Assistance Partnership) has an onsite/decentralized program that provides training, technical assistance, and financial resources to assist individual homeowners, neighborhoods and entire communities that rely on inadequate septic systems for their waste disposal. 

This program is mostly funded by U.S. EPA through the Rural Treatment Works and National Priority Area 2 grants. RCAP can offer hands-on training with community members, sanitarians, and any professionals who work with onsite systems as well as technical assistance. RCAP has been participating in the Biden administration’s Closing America’s Wastewater Access Gap Community Initiative in six of the 11 pilot communities located in persistent poverty/ disadvantaged areas.

Recently, we spoke with Sarah Buck, RCAP’s Chief Programs Officer, and she provided more information on this valuable resource for anyone working with onsite/decentralized wastewater systems. 

How does this program allow RCAP to help people with onsite/decentralized systems?

There are many ways that this program can help!

• With technical assistance providers, we can help set up a responsible management entity (RME) for decentralized systems.
• We’re able to do mapping activities to map septic systems in a community.
• We can look at areas with high concentrations of septic systems that pose environmental & health risks and help them review all of their options including interconnecting them or assisting with setting up a publicly owned water treatment works or decentralized system.
• We can help find funding to fund these types of projects in disadvantaged communities.

What are the eligible areas?

• Training and technical assistance generally is for communities of 10,000 or less in all 50 states and the US Territories including on Tribal lands/for Tribal septic owners.

Is there financial assistance available?

• Most of RCAP’s regional partners participate in the USDA Decentralized and Well Revolver Fund which provides funding that well and septic owners can use for replacements or updates.

How to apply for assistance? 

• Go to RCAP’s website and fill out the “Get Assistance” Form which will go to someone at the national office. They will then send that form to a regional partner near you to set up a technical assistance consultation.
• Find your local provider on RCAP’s website and contact them directly.
• Fill out U.S. EPA’s Water Technical Assistance Request Form and be assigned a provider that way.

Who are the partners that are assisting with this program?

• RCAP & their 6 Regional Partners
  • Rural Community Assistance Corporation (RCAC) – The Western RCAP
    • Serving Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, and Washington
  • RCAP Solutions (RSOL) – The Northeastern and Caribbean RCAP
    • Serving all six New England States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands
  • Midwest Assistance Program (MAP) – The Midwest RCAP
    • Serving Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming
  • Southeast Rural Community Assistance Partnership (SERCAP) – The Southeastern RCAP
    • Serving Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
  • Communities Unlimited (CU) – The Southern RCAP
    • Serving Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas
  • Great Lakes Community Action Partnership (GLCAP) – The Great Lakes RCAP
    • Serving Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wisconsin
• National Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association (NOWRA)
• WaterOperator.org
• Inter Tribal Council of Arizona (ITCA)
• Moonshot Missions (a new national EFC)

Further Resources?

• Sign up for A Drop of Knowledge and Rural Matters to receive updates on work RCAP is doing
• RCAP hosts multiple webinars a year dedicated to onsite/decentralized topics | View Archive
• New Onsite Wastewater Treatment System User Guide created in collaboration with NOWRA | View PDF
• Developing a new Septic Assessment Tool in collaboration with WaterOperator.org that will be piloted fall 2023 and will be available as a fillable PDF online

How Did You Support SepticSmart Week?

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) hosted the 11th annual SepticSmart Week from September 18-22, 2023. Many water industry professionals took to social media to share U.S. EPA's helpful tips with septic system owners in their communities.

1. Think at the Sink! What goes down the drain has a big impact on your septic system. Fats, grease, and solids can clog a system’s pipes and drainfield.
2. Don’t Overload the Commode! A toilet is not a trash can. Disposable diapers and wipes, feminine hygiene products, coffee grounds, cigarette butts, and cat litter can damage a septic system.
3. Don’t Strain Your Drain! Use water efficiently and stagger use of water-based appliances. Too much water use at once can overload a system that hasn’t been pumped recently.
4. Shield Your Field! Tree and shrub roots, cars, and livestock can damage your septic drainfield.
5. Keep It Clean! Contamination can occur when a septic system leaks due to improper maintenance. Be sure your drinking water is safe to drink by testing it regularly.
6. Protect It and Inspect It! Regular septic system maintenance can save homeowners thousands of dollars in repairs and protect public health.

This year's SepticSmart Week creative challenge was in partnership with Youth Engaged 4 Change and asked students ages 11-19 what “septic systems of the future” might look like. Participants were encouraged to demonstrate their thoughts on how future septic systems could sustainably safeguard community health and protect waterways. The top three winners received $100 gift cards and included Tyler’s Diagram showing a new and improved drain field regulator, Karolina’s Poem “Future Septic Systems”, and Ahana’s Essay “Septic Systems of the Future.”

Private Well Class: Septic Systems 101

Through our sister program at PrivateWellClass.org, our team hosts monthly webinars. Each year the most popular training is Septic Systems 101. In this webinar recording you’ll learn about septic system management as part of a larger strategy to protect the water in your private well. Using best practices to maintain your septic system can also keep it in proper working order and prolong its life. The webinar will answer questions such as: 

• What is safe to flush down your drains?
• Do you need to put additives in your septic tank?
• How to prolong the life of your system?

Below you'll find a recording of the most recent training, held in July 2023.

Hurricane Season Resources

Peak hurricane season starts mid-August and typically lasts through October. Here are some resources to help your water utility to weather the storms as best as you can. 

According to the National Hurricane Center, there are five major hazards associated with hurricanes. These hazards include storm surge & storm tide, heavy rainfall & inland flooding, high winds, as well as rip currents and tornadoes. Storm surge can travel several miles inland and can cause dangerous saltwater intrusion in areas with estuaries and bayous. 

Use this Storm Surge Inundation Map from U.S. EPA to view your utility’s hurricane risk, mitigate flood damage, and get real-time coastal storm advisories. Rainfall amounts are not directly related to the strength of tropical cyclones but rather to the speed and size of the storm, as well as the geography of the area. This means that it is important to track the rise of water levels even after the storm has passed and to be prepared for flooding. 

U.S. EPA's Flood Resilience Guide is a helpful resource to know your flooding threat and identify practical mitigation options to protect your assets. Hurricane force winds (74 mph or more) can destroy buildings and cause power outages as debris flies around so emergency managers should plan on having their evacuations complete and their personnel sheltered before the onset of tropical storm-force winds, not hurricane-force winds. Access U.S. EPA's newly updated Power Resilience Guide to learn about strategies water and wastewater utilities can use to increase resilience to power outages.

Further Hurricane Season Resources:

• Hurricane Tracker | National Hurricane Center
  • Use this tool to view storm activity in your area to better prepare for potential landfall of a hurricane.
• Hurricane Incident Action Checklist | U.S. EPA
  • This checklist outlines key actions that can be taken immediately before, during, and after the event to mitigate impacts. 
• Climate Resilience Evaluation and Awareness Tool (CREAT) | U.S. EPA
  • CREAT is a tool that assists water sector utilities in assessing climate-related risks to utility assets and operations. Throughout CREAT’s five modules, users consider climate impacts and identify adaptation options to increase resilience.
• NHC Outreach Resources | National Hurricane Center
  • Find resources and information about the practical program of education and outreach on hazardous tropical weather offered by the National Hurricane Center.
• Federal Funding for Utilities in National Disasters (Fed FUNDS) | U.S. EPA
  • Fed FUNDS presents information tailored to water and wastewater utilities on federal disaster and mitigation funding programs from EPA, FEMA, HUD and SBA. 
• Emergency Response Tools | U.S. EPA
  • EPA has a variety of tools and guidance to support drinking water and wastewater utility preparedness and response.
     

Tap Talk Podcast: Season 3 Recap

With our work here on WaterOperator.org as well as our sister program PrivateWellClass.org, our team has a unique national role that weaves in and out of environmental health, water infrastructure, and public policy. While we use our science backgrounds to get the job done well, our purpose is fundamentally about communication. We want to connect people with information and each other.

Tap Talk: The Drinking Water in Rural America Podcast connects professionals across the drinking water community with ideas to extend and enhance our work

The third season was released throughout 2022 & 2023 and featured the following 12 episodes:

TT025 – Understanding Drought and Drinking Water: learn more about drought issues across the U.S. and how water and health professionals can network with experts in this area.

TT026 – Focusing on the Customer: perspectives from a water well contractor and industry expert on customer knowledge, shifts in the industry and regulatory landscape, and the one thing that could make all the difference for public health.

TT027 – The Future of Operator Certification: learn about water and wastewater certification in a post-pandemic world.

TT028 – Data and Details from an Effective Program: insights on running a successful outreach program from a public health perspective, a Minnesota private well forum, and the shift towards policy that the outreach program has taken.

TT029 – The Power of Persistence: stories of persistence and resilience when it comes to protecting public health in rural Alaska.

TT030 – Improving Safe Water Access for the Cherokee Nation: perspectives from a licensed water operator and registered sanitarian who works for the Cherokee Nation. This conversation highlights the innovative solutions the Tribe is using to address water access as well as obstacles that still remain.
 
TT031 – Funding Your Water Infrastructure Project: insights on the importance of communication and outreach in gaining support for a project. This episode talks about the true cost of not updating a Saco, Maine wastewater plant and the steps local government officials took to secure the needed funding. 

TT032 – Research for Water Equity (Part 1): exploring some of the challenges of improving access to safe water, particularly for private well users. This episode highlights how both social understanding and real data are needed to design equitable solutions.

TT033 – Research for Water Equity (Part 2): a discussion of alternate perspectives on real private well problems. The conversation reiterates the need for personalized solutions, raises various research questions, and shares opinions on the needed direction for public outreach.

TT034 – Leveraging Passion to Protect Public Health: learn about the Montgomery County private well program in Pennsylvania where there is no statewide well construction code or other private well regulations. Despite this, Montgomery County is leading the way to greater public health protection in the state.

TT035 – The State of Drinking Water: learn more about the most pressing challenges facing public water systems and state regulators, efforts to increase compliance, and sustainability for the most disadvantaged communities as we approach 50 years of the Safe Drinking Water Act.

TT036 – Busting Myths about Regionalization: a conversation on the fundamentals of regionalization and why these conversations are so important to the sustainability of small and rural water systems.

You’re invited to discuss the episodes in our LinkedIn Group and if you choose to share on Twitter, please use the hashtag #TapTalkPodcast. Don’t forget to subscribe via Apple Podcasts or your favorite podcast app!

RCAP's A Drop of Knowledge: Recent Article Roundup #1

A Drop of Knowledge is a monthly digital article from Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP.) The articles focus on topics like wastewater, drinking water, policy, and infrastructure in rural America. It contains how-to’s, tips, and guidance from more than 300 technical assistance providers (TAPs) across the country. Some recent featured articles are linked below:

• Flushable Wipes Causing Pump Clogs? Pump Flow Tests Can Alert Operators Faster
• A Look Inside RCAP’s Fly-In: Meeting With the Team Behind the Fly-In
• “To Pump, or Not to Pump, that is the question…”
• Changing Temperatures Can Set Back Wastewater Lagoons
• How to Determine the True Cost of a System When Conducting a Rate Study
• Getting the Lead Out - Lead and Copper Compliance in New Jersey

Looking for something else? Find more articles and subscribe to A Drop of Knowledge.

Featured Webinar: Regionalization and the Power of Partnership

This hour-long webinar recording from Environmental Finance Center Network discusses various regionalization models and approaches to collaboration like: Informal information sharing, sharing personnel, leveraging shared purchasing power, how to prepare your utility for knowledge or technology transfer, and Regionalization options.

This webinar discusses the process for water systems to acquire and maintain adequate technical, managerial, and financial (TMF) capacity. It provides some questions utilities can consider regarding their capability to consistently provide safe drinking water to the public and whether a partnership may be beneficial.

Technical

• Is your infrastructure inadequate or aging? 
• Do you have an asset management plan, and can you get the funding to follow through?
• Is your treatment, storage, and distribution adequate?
• Do you have a certified operator who has the technical knowledge needed to operate your utility?
• Is your source water of poor quality or quantity?

Managerial

• Do you have appropriate staffing and organization?
• Do you have a history of water rates that are too low?
• Do your decision makers have a limited understanding of financing options?
• Does your staff have a lack of expertise in long-term water system planning?

Financial

• Is your revenue sufficient to cover expenses now and into the future?
• Do you have good credit worthiness?
• Are your water rates adequate?
• What kind of fiscal management and controls are in place?

Featured Case Studies Within this Webinar

• Some examples of information sharing that can be implemented between small community systems.
• Equipment sharing ideas from Great Falls & Helena, Montana, as well as Tremonton, Utah.
• Sometimes utilities have a hard time getting needed equipment and it can be beneficial to buy consortium and work with other systems to buy chemicals and supplies in bulk like the Southern Maine Regional Water Council.
• The Salmonella Outbreak in Alamosa, Colorado which exhibits the benefits of regionalization in action through WARN Operational Plans. The clean-up effort was estimated to take 3-4 weeks but was completed in 13 days due to the sharing of resources.
• An example of interconnection between Aurora, South Dakota and Brookings, South Dakota when one utility was consistently violating MCL for nitrate, the nearby utility was able to split the cost of a transmission pipeline to interconnect the systems.
• Panora & Des Moines, Iowa systems show how operational collaboration can work between a large system and small system.

FOG in Sewer Systems vs. Septic Systems

The use of FOG (fats, oils, and grease) in the average household typically cannot be avoided. Once these substances are rinsed or flushed down the drain, they have the potential to build up and create blockages within the pipes of the home. When these clogs form they can cause a variety of problems like: raw sewage backing up into the property, basement flooding, raw sewage overflowing into public spaces like parks, streets, rivers, etc., and increased maintenance costs to clean and repair damaged pipes.

It is important to make sure that community members are educated on ways to avoid the damage that can be done when these substances are not handled properly. Here are some ways you can educate the public on FOG:

Dos and Don’ts 

• Consider providing a dos and don’ts list, pamphlet, or flyer to community members outlining best practices for handling FOG substances. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) created a poster that does this well.
• For outreach to non-community water systems, specifically restaurants, there are resources that can be provided like this FOG Toolkit from the National Restaurant Association’s Conserve Program. You can also collaborate with your local health department on educational materials to distribute.

Recycle

• If your area has a Household Hazardous Waste program that accepts used cooking oil, provide the contact information to community members or consider hosting a collection event. For an example of how to provide this resource, TCEQ has a webpage with more information. If there is no program available, contact your local Solid Waste Authority for specifics on their recycling program.

SepticSmart

• For homeowners that use septic systems, provide information about EPA’s SepticSmart program. Not only does this program include insights on how FOG impacts a septic system, but it also provides valuable information on general septic maintenance.

Videos

• Nobody forgets the first time they see a "fatberg" and it can be helpful to trigger awareness and a potential behavior change. There are plenty of videos online so choose one that best represents your system to share with utility customers.

Providing resources like the ones above will help to ensure your ratepayers understand the importance of these best practices.
 

A Case for Regionalization

Water and wastewater services are needed in every community in order to sustain it, but some communities need more assistance in order for their water utility to thrive. Many rural areas face challenges like meeting strict regulations while still providing affordable services to users. As technology becomes more sophisticated, the need to purchase new, expensive equipment becomes unavoidable for small utilities that often do not have the funding or resources needed. This is when regionalization can really benefit utilities and their customers alike.

Regionalization helps two or more water systems to leverage and combine resources, equipment, personnel, and even physical plants. According to U.S. EPA, “the main benefit of regionalization is that it pools individual resources of two or more water systems to obtain services or facilities that one or both systems may not have been capable of obtaining by themselves.”

In the Rural Community Assistance Partnership's (RCAP's) 2021 report: Affordability and Capability Issues of Small Water and Wastewaters Systems: A Case for Regionalization of Small Systems, they feature a case study that shows a successful model for regionalization from the Greater Cincinnati Water Works (GCWW) in southwest Ohio. GCWW offers the smaller water systems in the area much assistance in the form of: lab testing services, billing services, call center operation, a source of project financing, construction management services, engineering services, and emergency help when needed. 

RCAP also released a report titled: Regionalization: RCAP’s Recommendations for Water and Wastewater Policy which contained 22 recommendations that should be integrated into policy decision-making. The research featured in this report was unveiled in a webinar that also focused on the experiences of five different states: California, Florida, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas, who spoke about what they have put in place to help support the various forms of regionalization.

Further Regionalization Readings & Resources:

• Benefits of Regionalization
• How Regionalization & Consolidation of Water Utilities Creates New Projects
• Rural Matters | Issue 4: Let’s Talk Regionalization (2022)
• Learn About Water System Partnerships
• State Action on Water System Regionalization and Consolidation
• Developing Regional Economic Connectivity: Key Factors and Strategies for Urban and Rural Communities
• Funding Strategies to Promote System Regionalization

PFAS Treatment: What We Know in 2023

PFAS (formally known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are widely used, long lasting chemicals that break down very slowly over time. They break down so slowly that they end up in water, air, fish, and soil all over the world, and trace amounts have even been detected in human blood. Scientific studies have shown that exposure to some PFAS in the environment may be linked to harmful health effects in humans and animals, but we do not know to what extent they may affect us.

PFAS possess chemical properties that mean traditional drinking water treatment technologies are not able to remove them. Researchers have been working on a variety of treatment technologies to determine which methods work best to remove PFAS from drinking water. Some of the most successful methods include: activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange resins, and high-pressure membranes. 

Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption: GAC has been shown to effectively remove PFAS from drinking water when it is used in a flow through filter mode after particulates have already been removed. According to EPA researcher Thomas Speth, this method can be extremely effective “depending on the type of carbon used, the depth of the bed of carbon, flow rate of the water, the specific PFAS you need to remove, temperature, and the degree and type of organic matter as well as other contaminants, or constituents, in the water.”

Ion exchange resins: Negatively charged ions of PFAS are attracted to positively charged anion resins. Anion exchange resins (AER) have proved to have a high capacity for many PFAS; but this method can be more expensive than GAC. The most promising version of this method is an AER in a single use mode, followed by incineration of the resin. This technology has no contaminant waste stream to treat or dispose due to the lack of need for resin regeneration.

High-pressure membranes: Research shows that membranes, such as nanofiltration or reverse osmosis, are typically more than 90 percent effective at removing a wide range of PFAS. However, these methods generate a large volume of high-strength waste stream which can be difficult to treat or dispose of for a water system. This technology may be better suited for a homeowner since it would generate a much smaller volume of waste.

PFAS Resources:

• Drinking Water Treatability Database
  • The Drinking Water Treatability Database (TDB) can be used to identify effective drinking water treatment processes, to plan for future treatment plant upgrades, to provide information to first responders for spills/ emergencies, and to recognize research needs.
• PFAS Analytic Tools hub
  • This page contains location-specific information related to PFAS manufacture, release, and occurrence in the environment as well as facilities potentially handling PFAS.
• CWA Analytical Methods for Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS)
  • This page contains information regarding the EPA’s development of new analytical methods to test for PFAS compounds in wastewater, as well as other environmental media.