How to Overcome the "Yuck" Factor of Recycled Wastewater

For those of us who live in places where there is never any doubt about the ability to turn a tap and have clean water come out, it can be hard to reconcile the reality that the world is at great risk of a water supply crisis. In 2023, the UN estimated that not only do two billion people not have safe drinking water, but that two to three billion people are already experiencing water shortages for at least one month a year. The report also projects that the population facing urban water scarcity will double by 2050, due to the increasing frequency of extreme drought.

And drought isn’t the only supply issue — many groundwater aquifers have been overpumped for decades. The Ogallala Aquifer, the largest in North America, supplies 30% of the irrigation water in the United States, is the only reliable source of water in some parts of the American heartland, and will run out of water in a generation in the most vulnerable communities.

So what are we to do about our water supply problems? Yes, we could and should certainly try to use less water, look for other surface water sources, or even pump water back into depleted aquifers.

We could also recycle our wastewater. But, well. That seems “yucky” to a lot of people.  

In Tampa, former Florida state representative and state senator Janet Cruz lost an election in 2023 to the Tampa City Council, largely attributed to her support of laws allowing treated wastewater into drinking water systems while she was a state legislator. In a survey conducted for research published in the Science of The Total Environment journal last year, it was found that just 43% of respondents in the Southeast US supported water reuse generally — and only 8% would be willing to drink recycled water.

But the fact of the matter is that the rest of our water sources cannot be relied upon as we continue to use them in unsustainable ways, and the total volume of our wastewater represents an invaluable opportunity to reshape our water future, if we can just get beyond that “yuck factor.”

To that end, the State Water Resources Control Board of California voted in December 2023 to adopt regulations to implement direct potable reuse (DPR) in the state — in other words, that means treating wastewater to the point that it can be added directly into drinking water systems, with no environmental buffer. The vote was years in the making and the development of the regulations mandated by state law.

California, with its population of 40 million and extremely high demand for agricultural irrigation water, faces the stresses of water supply perhaps more than any other state. The move to implement DPR follows decades of indirect potable and non-potable reuse in the state (and many others in the country, like Florida). Treated wastewater is already being used for industrial machines, irrigation, and aquifer replenishment.

At the time the legislation went through, the Metropolitan Water District alone (the water agency of Southern California) was projected to provide 115 million gallons of recycled water a day by 2032, which could supply 385,000 homes. Gov. Gavin Newsom projected that recycled water could account for 9% of state water use by 2030 and then double by 2040.

The statewide regulations officially allowing for DPR in California went into effect in October of last year. By then, cities like Santa Monica were hoping to implement DPR as early as 2027. Plans for a full DPR treatment facility in the San Fernando Valley to be completed by the same time point are underway. These rules also allow water agencies flexibility in their supply management between wet and dry years, meaning that the objective is that drinking recycled water will help the agencies save water from the Colorado River and Sierra Nevada snowpack for drier years.

But for all the high hopes in California, the state won’t be the first in the nation to treat its wastewater to drinking water quality. The city of Big Spring, Texas, was the first place in the country to use DPR to supply its water system, which it began in 2013 after its namesake spring ran out of water. The standard bearer of water recycling, though, is Singapore, which through its Changi Water Reclamation Plant cleans 237 million gallons of wastewater a day and brands the treated water as “NEWater.”

And California won’t likely be alone as the sole mass consumer of wastewater-turned-drinking-water in the US either. The city of El Paso is expected to have a DPR plant online by 2027, as Texas allows such plants on a case-by-case basis. Colorado actually beat California to adopting DPR regulations in February of 2023, which were the first in the nation. And despite Cruz’s loss in the Tampa City Council election, the practice is still moving forward in Florida, where a pilot program in a central Florida county began turning wastewater to drinking water in late 2023.

Finally, Arizona also began building a framework for DPR late 2023, where the need is increasingly being seen as inevitable. The state’s proposed rules are nearing approval.

Of course, building the needed facilities and the extensive water treatment process won’t come cheaply, especially for municipalities that aren’t quite the size of the whole state of California or even just El Paso. The DPR facility constructed by the Colorado River Municipal Water District for Big Spring, which has a population of around 25,000, cost $14 million to build and took 11 years to plan and construct. Getting other smaller communities on board before it’s absolutely necessary will likely not be easy.

But getting the infrastructure for DPR and other expanded water recycling systems in place now will be cheaper than in the future, when other water sources are even more stressed. And as with all things, as the wastewater recycling economy scales up, costs should come down. It’s already cheaper than desalination of saltwater — an International Finance Corporation estimate has found that the cost of producing potable water can be as low as $0.45 per cubic meter, while desalination typically exceeds $0.50 per cubic meter. A Framework for Direct Potable Reuse put together by water stakeholders including the WateReuse Association and the American Water Works Association also found the total estimated costs of DPR to compare favorably with the costs of other possible new sources of water.

So what does this all tell us about how we get people past that “yuck” factor? We might infer that when faced with nearly no other options, that factor simply goes away. But we don’t have to view recycling wastewater into drinking water as a last resort, either. While the intensive cleaning process isn’t cheap, it results in energy savings, environmental benefits, and water that is purer than many current drinking water sources, as noted by the California State Water Board chair. And who could reasonably argue that those are bad things?

In the end, shifting attitudes beyond the yuck factor may simply require some creativity and a massive PR campaign. Epic Cleantec, a water recycling company in San Francisco, developed a beer from recycled greywater from a city apartment building. Admittedly, greywater — the wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry — is quite a different thing than the sewage that comes from toilets. But it’s wastewater all the same, and the company has found that people will usually try it. And it’s not the only wastewater beer that’s available, either.

But there’s far more opportunity for wastewater than just beer or even regular drinking water. In their reporting on the subject, Wired magazine posited that “the city of tomorrow will run on your toilet water” — because of the additional possibilities to extract compost and energy. Industries in the EU are already taking steps to get power, heat, and reusable chemical materials out of wastewater.

So as Wired put it, “It’s not gross. It’s science.”

FOR MORE:

• WateReuse Association
  • Recycled Water Users Network
  • National Advocacy Resources
• Framework for Direct Potable Reuse
  • Produced by the WateReuse Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, and National Water Research Institute
• As water reuse expands, proponents battle the 'yuck' factor | KFF Health News
• California prepares to transform sewage into pure drinking water under new rules | Los Angeles Times
• Beyond the yuck factor: cities turn to ‘extreme’ water recycling | Yale Environment 360
• The city of tomorrow will run on your toilet water | WIRED
• Recycling sewage is a sensible way to improve water security – but would you swallow it? | The Conversation
• Facility Converting Wastewater into Drinking Water is Coming to the San Fernando Valley | San Fernando Sun
   
• WaterOperator.org Documents Library >> Select ‘CATEGORY’ in the dropdown, and then choose ‘Water Reuse’ to see the resources we have collected on Water Reuse.

WaterOperator.org 2024 Webinar Roundup

This webinar series from WaterOperator.org covers topics relevant to wastewater operators, including funding, asset management, compliance, and water quality. In these webinar recordings, viewers will learn how to use our search tools at WaterOperator.org to find resources and training events. Each webinar features some of the most helpful resources on the title topic that can be found in our documents database. Certificates of attendance are not available for watching these recordings. 

Cybersecurity for Wastewater Operators | February 2024

Source Water Protection for Communities with Decentralized Wastewater | May 2024

Funding Wastewater Infrastructure Projects | July 2024

Wastewater System Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation Resources | August 2024

Wastewater System Sustainability Practices | November 2024

Although we can't offer attendance certificates for watching these recordings, we do offer certificates of attendance to live attendees upon request! Subscribe to our newsletter to stay up to date on future live webinars from WaterOperator.org.

Wastewater Continues to Provide an Effective Means to Track COVID-19 and Other Diseases

Tracking viral activity in wastewater emerged as a valuable way to map and monitor the spread of COVID-19 early on in the coronavirus pandemic. Many viruses can be tracked through wastewater data, as virus fragments can be excreted into wastewater even when individuals do not have symptoms of the virus. Wastewater operators send samples of untreated wastewater to laboratories, where technicians test the water to find out what viruses are currently circulating in a community. This can help public health officials guide their communities through infection prevention, testing, and vaccination, as necessary.

Poliovirus was the first virus widely tracked through wastewater surveillance, beginning in the 1990s as part of efforts to finally fully eradicate polio. But public awareness of this concept became more widely known with COVID-19. The height of  the pandemic has passed, but many tracking efforts continue in order to keep tabs on the disease’s current threat level and to advance continued research into it.

Newsweek continues to publish an updated COVID map each week showing the results of the past week’s viral monitoring across the United States. See the December 18 update here. It reveals the highest viral activity for SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID-19) in Arizona, New Mexico, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, and South Dakota.

The data for these updates comes directly from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which also has multiple publicly accessible dashboards showing data for COVID-19 and other diseases tracked by the National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS).

Find the dashboards for the viruses tracked by the NWSS here:

• COVID-19
• Influenza A
• RSV
• Mpox

Many states also run their own dashboards of surveillance data for COVID-19 and other viruses, including:

• California
• Colorado
• New York
• North Carolina
• Wisconsin

Notably, California has also recently found H5N1 bird flu virus in the wastewater from cities like Los Angeles and San Francisco, reflecting the rise of avian influenza. The CDC has an avian influenza tracker as a subset of the Influenza A dashboard. As of December 14, the vast majority of H5N1 found in wastewater has been in California, with the most recent additional detections so far found in Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, and Texas. It has also been detected in Hawai’i.

Not every wastewater treatment plant in a given state participates in tracking, so it should be kept in mind that the available data is a snapshot of only a portion of the state’s population. Tracking programs can incur significant expenses for wastewater utilities that can be out of reach especially for smaller operations. But there are often opportunities to engage in partnerships with other entities to reduce or erase these costs, such as what the Abilene Taylor County Public Health Department recently began with Baylor University in Texas.

Additional Reading

• Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater, Nature

• Tracking COVID-19 Through Wastewater, National Institutes of Health

• Tracking COVID-19 in 2024: Wastewater data provides key early warning sign for surges, University of California-Davis Health

• Post Pandemic: Wastewater-based Surveillance of Diseases Comes of Age, Health Policy Watch

RCAP's Drop of Knowledge: Article Roundup #6

Drop of Knowledge is a monthly digital article from Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP.) The articles focus on topics like wastewater, drinking water, policy, and infrastructure in rural America. It contains how-to’s, tips, and guidance from more than 300 technical assistance providers (TAPs) across the country. Some featured articles are linked below:

• An Elementary Look at Water Pollution
• Colonias in Texas: Improving the Quality of Life One Flush At a Time
• Investigating Inflow & Infiltration
• Water and Wastewater Utility Asset Management: Vehicles
• Wastewater Maintenance: Drawdown Pump Test
• When the Going Gets Rural: Five Challenges Technical Assistance Providers Can’t Escape

Looking for something else? Find more articles and subscribe to A Drop of Knowledge.

The Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Wastewater Treatment

The need to conserve water and manage it more efficiently is perhaps now more dire than it ever has been. Among other water consumption issues: We have a record, still-growing population on the planet; accelerating levels of drought worldwide; and the artificial intelligence (AI) boom is guzzling water at a dazzling rate in order to keep data servers running.

Ironically, though, AI might just also be essential to redefining and maximizing the efficiency of our water use, along with similar emerging digital technologies like machine learning (ML), automation, and digital twins. These technologies can create “smart water” systems for industry — A concept that’s been primarily associated with drinking water, but is also starting to blossom in the wastewater sector as well.

Around two trillion gallons of treated wastewater are lost in the United States each year, which is a massive blow to US business and the environment. AI, ML, digital twins, and automation have the potential to mitigate the infrastructural inefficiencies that cause this water loss by optimizing water use, reducing the loss, and helping to build circular water management systems/economies that will emphasize reuse and minimization of use/waste across all sectors of industry.

In wastewater treatment plants specifically, these technologies can assist in understanding a system’s rate of flow, optimizing and saving energy, and providing data that is a useful tool in the decision-making process. These benefits would add up to significant cost savings in both expenditures and labor, and more importantly contribute to lessening our environmental burdens and increasing sustainability.

Wastewater Digest, which is following the expansion of AI and its sister technologies in the wastewater sector closely, says industry should implement these actions in order to reduce and optimize industrial water use:

• Assess and monitor water use with smart technology
• Invest in digital technologies like AI, ML, and digital twins
• Automate water management operations to maintain optimal performance
• Foster cultural sustainability so that everyone contributes to saving water
• Collaborate across industry to amplify results

Primary Sources and Additional Information

• Turning the tide: How automation is reshaping water use in industry
• AI is transforming the future of wastewater system management and treatment
• Wastewater, AI and aeration blower performance
• Can you trust predictive wastewater analytics?
• Exploring the intersection of data, communications & power infrastructure
• Optimizing wastewater treatment through artificial intelligence: recent advances and future prospects
• Artificial Intelligence and IoT in Wastewater Treatment
• How AI is being used in wastewater treatment plants?

Wastewater System Sustainability Practices | Recorded on November 12, 2024

In this recording of our recent live webinar "Wastewater System Sustainability Practices" viewers will discover some of the most helpful resources for wastewater system sustainability practices and learn how to use our search tools at WaterOperator.org to find additional resources and training events.

This webinar series from WaterOperator.org covers topics relevant to wastewater operators, including funding, asset management, compliance, and water quality. Certificates of attendance will be delivered upon request to live attendees but are not available for watching this replay.

Flushable Wipes: The Bane of the Wastewater Industry

In the video below, featured on Icon Water's YouTube channel, they test a "flushable" wet wipe to see how well it dissolves in water compared to toilet paper, wet wipes (not labeled flushable), and paper towels. All 4 products are spun for 30 minutes in water to display how well each of these products breaks down when you flush them. 

Flushable wipes have been the plague of the wastewater industry for years due to the problems they cause for systems. Not only can they clog pipes, damage equipment, and harm the environment, but they require increased maintenance for utilities. 

The most recent legislation regarding flushable wipes is the Wastewater Infrastructure Pollution Prevention and Environmental Safety (WIPPES) Act. This bill was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in June 2024. This act "would require the Federal Trade Commission to create a uniform label for products that have and/or require a 'Do Not Flush' label" in order to reduce consumer confusion and help to protect wastewater systems. Additionally, Michigan recently passed a law in July 2024 that prohibits manufacturers from marketing wipes as “flushable.”

Further Reading...

• Oregon To Require Do Not Flush Labeling On Wipes | Nonwovens Industry
• These ‘flushable’ wipes shouldn’t be flushed, plumbers say | The Hill
• Hanford city warns residents against flushing non-flushable wipes | YourCentralValley.com
• WIPPES Act - Set To Create National Standard For Wipes Labeling | Nonwovens Industry
• New Michigan law bans ‘flushable’ label on most bathroom wipes | MLive

Featured Webinar Series: Improving CWA-NPDES Permit Compliance

Have you attended webinars from the Improving CWA-NPDES Permit Compliance series of technical assistance webinars put on by the EPA and the Significant Noncompliance Rate Reduction National Compliance Initiative? (Also known as the SNC NCI).

These webinars are meant for plant operators, municipal leaders, TAPs, and compliance inspectors who are working to improve surface water quality and drinking water impacts by ensuring compliance with Clean Water Act and/or National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits. Attending live will provide you with a certificate of attendance that may be eligible for CEU credit in your state, depending on your state’s certification authority. The EPA has an archive of webinar recordings dating back to 2019, but watching these recordings does not make you eligible for a certificate of attendance or any CEU credit.

All the same, the recording archive contains information on a wealth of topics under the umbrella of CWA/NPDES permit compliance. We have put together a few recommended highlights below, but be sure to examine the whole archive as you grow your knowledge in pollutant discharge.

Recording Highlights

POTWs – What Does Your Permit Say? (Part 1)
January 22, 2024: This presentation covers how to read and understand a NPDES permit, how permittees can ensure that permit requirements are met, and a discussion of the most common reporting requirements for NPDES permits. Presented by Dan Connally, vice president of ERG Group with 22 years of experience in NPDES permit development.

POTWs – What Does Your Permit Say? (Part 2)
February 28, 2024: Part two of ‘What Does Your Permit Say?’ covers the permit requirements for pretreatment and biosolids, associated federal regulations, and both standard and special conditions for publicly owned treatment works. Presented by Dan Connally, Bob Brobst (Principal Environmental Engineer at PG Environmental), and Chuck Durham (Principal Engineer and Senior Project Manager at PG Environmental).

Fats, Oils, and Grease: What We Know After 23 Years of FOG Work
October 12, 2023: This presentation focuses on managing the impacts of FOGs on collection systems and wastewater treatment plants, as well as fees, public outreach, and enforcement for food service establishments. Presented by Byron Ross of Monitoring & Management Services, with nearly 40 years of experience in wastewater treatment.

Everything You Wanted to Know About PFAS But Were Afraid to Ask
April 12, 2023: This session examines the emerging contaminants PFAS and PFOA and discusses their uses, properties, impacts, and possible treatment methods in wastewater and drinking water. Viewers will also learn to identify the sources of these contaminants. Treatment options explored include activated carbon, ion exchange resin, reverse osmosis/nanofiltration, advanced oxidation, and biosolid removal. Presented by Jamie Hope, wastewater operator and training technician, with four decades of experience in wastewater treatment.

Small POTWs: What to Expect and How to Prepare for your NPDES Permit
June 16, 2022: This webinar explains what a small publicly owned treatment works can expect as they undertake NPDES permitting. It also features a step-by-step overview of obtaining a permit and insights on collaborating with permitting authorities. Presented by Sean Ramach, NPDES Training Coordinator for the EPA Office of Wastewater Management, Water Permits Division.

Wastewater System Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation Resources | Recorded on August 20, 2024

In this recording of our recent live webinar "Wastewater System Condition Assessment and Rehabilitation Resources" viewers will discover some of the most helpful wastewater system condition assessment and rehabilitation resources and learn how to use our search tools at WaterOperator.org to find additional resources and training events. 

This webinar series from WaterOperator.org covers topics relevant to wastewater operators, including funding, asset management, compliance, and water quality. Certificates of attendance will be delivered upon request to live attendees but are not available for watching this replay.

Funding Wastewater Infrastructure Projects | Recorded on July 23, 2024

In this recording of our recent live webinar "Funding Wastewater Infrastructure Projects" viewers will discover some of the most helpful wastewater funding resources and learn how to use our search tools at WaterOperator.org to find additional resources and training events. 

This webinar series from WaterOperator.org covers topics relevant to wastewater operators, including funding, asset management, compliance, and water quality. Certificates of attendance will be delivered upon request to live attendees but are not available for watching this replay.