How to Overcome the "Yuck" Factor of Recycled Wastewater

For those of us who live in places where there is never any doubt about the ability to turn a tap and have clean water come out, it can be hard to reconcile the reality that the world is at great risk of a water supply crisis. In 2023, the UN estimated that not only do two billion people not have safe drinking water, but that two to three billion people are already experiencing water shortages for at least one month a year. The report also projects that the population facing urban water scarcity will double by 2050, due to the increasing frequency of extreme drought.

And drought isn’t the only supply issue — many groundwater aquifers have been overpumped for decades. The Ogallala Aquifer, the largest in North America, supplies 30% of the irrigation water in the United States, is the only reliable source of water in some parts of the American heartland, and will run out of water in a generation in the most vulnerable communities.

So what are we to do about our water supply problems? Yes, we could and should certainly try to use less water, look for other surface water sources, or even pump water back into depleted aquifers.

We could also recycle our wastewater. But, well. That seems “yucky” to a lot of people.  

In Tampa, former Florida state representative and state senator Janet Cruz lost an election in 2023 to the Tampa City Council, largely attributed to her support of laws allowing treated wastewater into drinking water systems while she was a state legislator. In a survey conducted for research published in the Science of The Total Environment journal last year, it was found that just 43% of respondents in the Southeast US supported water reuse generally — and only 8% would be willing to drink recycled water.

But the fact of the matter is that the rest of our water sources cannot be relied upon as we continue to use them in unsustainable ways, and the total volume of our wastewater represents an invaluable opportunity to reshape our water future, if we can just get beyond that “yuck factor.”

To that end, the State Water Resources Control Board of California voted in December 2023 to adopt regulations to implement direct potable reuse (DPR) in the state — in other words, that means treating wastewater to the point that it can be added directly into drinking water systems, with no environmental buffer. The vote was years in the making and the development of the regulations mandated by state law.

California, with its population of 40 million and extremely high demand for agricultural irrigation water, faces the stresses of water supply perhaps more than any other state. The move to implement DPR follows decades of indirect potable and non-potable reuse in the state (and many others in the country, like Florida). Treated wastewater is already being used for industrial machines, irrigation, and aquifer replenishment.

At the time the legislation went through, the Metropolitan Water District alone (the water agency of Southern California) was projected to provide 115 million gallons of recycled water a day by 2032, which could supply 385,000 homes. Gov. Gavin Newsom projected that recycled water could account for 9% of state water use by 2030 and then double by 2040.

The statewide regulations officially allowing for DPR in California went into effect in October of last year. By then, cities like Santa Monica were hoping to implement DPR as early as 2027. Plans for a full DPR treatment facility in the San Fernando Valley to be completed by the same time point are underway. These rules also allow water agencies flexibility in their supply management between wet and dry years, meaning that the objective is that drinking recycled water will help the agencies save water from the Colorado River and Sierra Nevada snowpack for drier years.

But for all the high hopes in California, the state won’t be the first in the nation to treat its wastewater to drinking water quality. The city of Big Spring, Texas, was the first place in the country to use DPR to supply its water system, which it began in 2013 after its namesake spring ran out of water. The standard bearer of water recycling, though, is Singapore, which through its Changi Water Reclamation Plant cleans 237 million gallons of wastewater a day and brands the treated water as “NEWater.”

And California won’t likely be alone as the sole mass consumer of wastewater-turned-drinking-water in the US either. The city of El Paso is expected to have a DPR plant online by 2027, as Texas allows such plants on a case-by-case basis. Colorado actually beat California to adopting DPR regulations in February of 2023, which were the first in the nation. And despite Cruz’s loss in the Tampa City Council election, the practice is still moving forward in Florida, where a pilot program in a central Florida county began turning wastewater to drinking water in late 2023.

Finally, Arizona also began building a framework for DPR late 2023, where the need is increasingly being seen as inevitable. The state’s proposed rules are nearing approval.

Of course, building the needed facilities and the extensive water treatment process won’t come cheaply, especially for municipalities that aren’t quite the size of the whole state of California or even just El Paso. The DPR facility constructed by the Colorado River Municipal Water District for Big Spring, which has a population of around 25,000, cost $14 million to build and took 11 years to plan and construct. Getting other smaller communities on board before it’s absolutely necessary will likely not be easy.

But getting the infrastructure for DPR and other expanded water recycling systems in place now will be cheaper than in the future, when other water sources are even more stressed. And as with all things, as the wastewater recycling economy scales up, costs should come down. It’s already cheaper than desalination of saltwater — an International Finance Corporation estimate has found that the cost of producing potable water can be as low as $0.45 per cubic meter, while desalination typically exceeds $0.50 per cubic meter. A Framework for Direct Potable Reuse put together by water stakeholders including the WateReuse Association and the American Water Works Association also found the total estimated costs of DPR to compare favorably with the costs of other possible new sources of water.

So what does this all tell us about how we get people past that “yuck” factor? We might infer that when faced with nearly no other options, that factor simply goes away. But we don’t have to view recycling wastewater into drinking water as a last resort, either. While the intensive cleaning process isn’t cheap, it results in energy savings, environmental benefits, and water that is purer than many current drinking water sources, as noted by the California State Water Board chair. And who could reasonably argue that those are bad things?

In the end, shifting attitudes beyond the yuck factor may simply require some creativity and a massive PR campaign. Epic Cleantec, a water recycling company in San Francisco, developed a beer from recycled greywater from a city apartment building. Admittedly, greywater — the wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry — is quite a different thing than the sewage that comes from toilets. But it’s wastewater all the same, and the company has found that people will usually try it. And it’s not the only wastewater beer that’s available, either.

But there’s far more opportunity for wastewater than just beer or even regular drinking water. In their reporting on the subject, Wired magazine posited that “the city of tomorrow will run on your toilet water” — because of the additional possibilities to extract compost and energy. Industries in the EU are already taking steps to get power, heat, and reusable chemical materials out of wastewater.

So as Wired put it, “It’s not gross. It’s science.”

FOR MORE:

• WateReuse Association
  • Recycled Water Users Network
  • National Advocacy Resources
• Framework for Direct Potable Reuse
  • Produced by the WateReuse Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, and National Water Research Institute
• As water reuse expands, proponents battle the 'yuck' factor | KFF Health News
• California prepares to transform sewage into pure drinking water under new rules | Los Angeles Times
• Beyond the yuck factor: cities turn to ‘extreme’ water recycling | Yale Environment 360
• The city of tomorrow will run on your toilet water | WIRED
• Recycling sewage is a sensible way to improve water security – but would you swallow it? | The Conversation
• Facility Converting Wastewater into Drinking Water is Coming to the San Fernando Valley | San Fernando Sun
   
• WaterOperator.org Documents Library >> Select ‘CATEGORY’ in the dropdown, and then choose ‘Water Reuse’ to see the resources we have collected on Water Reuse.

Who Is NOWRA and What Do They Do?

The National Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association (NOWRA) is the premier non-profit organization in the United States that is dedicated to advancing the onsite and decentralized wastewater industry. All types of related professions are represented in membership; including installers, regulators, manufacturers, suppliers, educators, and more.

The association has been advocating for sound practices, public awareness, and solutions to challenges for the onsite and decentralized industry since its founding in 1992. NOWRA’s national headquarters are located in Westford, Massachusetts, though a number of state-level affiliates can be found throughout the U.S. and Canada.

NOWRA’s official mission statement is:

• To strengthen and promote the onsite and decentralized wastewater industry through activities that support recognition and promotion of professionalism for industry practitioners.
• To implement best management practices throughout the industry that provide sustainable wastewater infrastructure solutions.
• To achieve greater public awareness of the economic, environmental, and public health benefits of onsite and decentralized facilities.
• To serve the public interest.

This mission’s execution is guided by a Strategic Framework for Unsewered Wastewater Infrastructure. The principal goal of this framework is to achieve sustainable development and protect both human health and environmental quality. Click here to read more about the framework and its seven components.

NOWRA’s website has a number of resources available for members, including a news & publications page, a documents library, an events calendar with national & state-level events, and a signup form for the group’s email newsletter. You can locate septic system professionals through the Septic Locator tool; all NOWRA members are automatically listed to the locator database.

Perhaps most importantly, NOWRA has a wealth of educational courses available to register for on its website. NOWRA’s “Installer Academy” ensures that all industry professionals can access quality training. Courses are available both in self-paced online formats or in-person through trainings arranged with NOWRA’s expert instructors. The popular online courses include “NOWRA A-Z,” an overview of onsite wastewater treatment; “NOWRA Installer Training,” an overview of installation for both new and experienced installers; “NOWRA Troubleshooting,” an overview of the typical treatment process; and “NOWRA Design,” a framework for designing decentralized systems.

NOWRA online courses can be purchased by both members and non-members, but are available to members at a discount. You can find which states have pre-approved NOWRA’s courses for continuing education credits at this page.

The association also has a number of resources available for community education. Decentralized wastewater systems and the advantages they provide are often poorly understood. A long list of resources explaining the benefits, details, and funding of onsite and decentralized systems may be found here — including resources from NOWRA itself, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency and National Environmental Services Center.

Each year, NOWRA holds an onsite wastewater mega-conference in conjunction with the National Association of Wastewater Technicians (NAWT) and the State Onsite Regulators Association (SORA). The 2023 event was held in Hampton, Virginia, and papers and presentations from the conference are available to review here. This year’s event will be held from October 20-23, in Spokane, Washington. Registration will open by late spring or early summer.

If you are interested in lobbying, NOWRA is constantly working in Washington, D.C., at the Capitol and the EPA, advocating to make sure there is always a seat at the table for those in the onsite and decentralized wastewater industry when it comes to wastewater policy and funding. There are a variety of ways you can get involved in the advocacy and lobbying arm of NOWRA.

From furthering education to assistance in growing businesses to information and outreach to national advocacy, there are many reasons to become a NOWRA member. To learn how to join the national organization or one of the 23 state-level affiliates, visit this page. Direct NOWRA membership costs $150 per year for industry professionals, $95 per year for industry regulators, and $35 per year for students.

At WaterOperator.org, we currently have 125 NOWRA resources indexed in our documents database. To find them, select "HOST" in the dropdown menu, then choose "National Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association." Once you make that selection, a second dropdown will appear where you can choose "CATEGORY," “TYPE,” or “STATE” to narrow the search even further. If you have a specific search term in mind, use the “Keyword Filter” search bar on the right side of the screen.